The Challenges for Carbonate Petrophysics in Petroleum Resource Estimation
35 Petroleum Engeeniring terms
The Challenges for Carbonate Petrophysics in Petroleum Resource Estimation
algorithm
noun
A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
Example: Microscopic mathematical models and laboratory-based empirical models that apply X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) methods have been used in algorithms to calculate CN values (Thompson et al. 2005).
ru: алгоритм
basin
noun
A bowl for washing, typically attached to a wall and having taps connected to a water supply; a washbasin.
Example: However, data acquisition protocols in carbonate field development should include more coring and formation testing with both donut
and dual-packer seals in addition to extensive use of specialized well logs (e.g., magnetic resonance and microelectrical imaging)
compared to sandstone formations in an equivalent basin setting.
ru: бассейн
Carbonate
noun
Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.
Example: Chemically, chalk is largely calcium CARBONATE, he argues, and so should yield carbon dioxide if immersed in an acid.
ru: Карбонат
cementation
noun
The binding together of particles or other things by cement.
Example: On the other hand, carbonate rocks are mostly formed in situ through the growth of calcitic organisms and precipitation, with subsequent evolution being governed by compaction, cementation, dolomitization, dissolution, and other diagenetic processes.
ru: цементация
clastic
adjective
Denoting rocks composed of broken pieces of older rocks.
Example: Yet, although the uncertainties associated with these technical building blocks can be usefully quantified for clastic reservoirs, they are
much less predictable in carbonates.
ru: обломочный
compaction
noun
The exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.
Example: On the other hand, carbonate rocks are mostly formed in situ through the growth of calcitic organisms and precipitation, with subsequent evolution being governed by compaction, cementation, dolomitization, dissolution, and other diagenetic processes.
ru: уплотнение
comprehensively
adverb
In a way that includes or deals with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.
Example: Even if the interpretive algorithms have been established comprehensively, their application may not be straightforward.
ru: всесторонне
electrofacies
noun
Electrofacies are numerical combinations of petrophysical log responses that reflect specific physical and compositional characteristics of a rock interval; they are determined by multivariate procedures that include principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.
Example: The term electrofacies has been used to describe log-identifi able rock types (Serra and Abbott 1982). These concepts have been developed into one of electrolithofacies, to describe lithofacies with sufficiently exclusive log signatures that lithofacies can be identified
beyond cored intervals (Rider 1996).
ru: электрофации
flow
noun
(of a liquid, gas, or electricity) move steadily and continuously in a current or stream.
Example: The benefits of this iterative approach from a key-well
standpoint as field development proceeds is that electroporefacies
classification may be used to identify core intervals for optimizing
data acquisition and thence for gaining the most valuable additional
information about reservoir storage and flow properties
ru: поток
fluid
noun
A substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid.
Example: The pore geometry of carbonates is fundamental in controlling fluid distribution and flow in these porous media.
ru: жидкость
formation
noun
The action of forming or process of being formed.
Example: The design of data acquisition programs is influenced by diverse factors that vary between regions and include, but are not
limited to, the maturity of the regional/local knowledge of regulatory restrictions and costs, field setting and ease of operations,
available data-acquisition technology, formation character, and reservoir complexity.
ru: формирование
grain
noun
1. Wheat or any other cultivated cereal used as food.
2. A single fruit or seed of a cereal. "a few grains of corn".
Example: Jennings and Lucia (2003) pulled these matters together by referring to rock-fabric facies [i.e., a rock type with a characteristic
(range of) pore size inferred from particle (grain) size and sorting, the distribution of interparticle porosity, and the nature and size
of vuggy porosity (Lucia et al. 2003)].
ru: зерно
зернистость
interconnectivity
noun
The state of having different parts or things connected or related to each other.
Example: Civan (2002) mathematically demonstrated that a relationship can be developed between CN and an interconnectivity parameter
[flow zone indictor (FZI): part of a hydraulic flow unit (HFU) classification scheme; Amaefule et al. (1993)].
ru: взаимосвязанность
limestone
noun
A hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used as building material and in the making of cement.
Example: For example, although Archie (1950, 1952) observed core data trends between measured formation factor and interparticle porosity/permeability for a specific population of limestone samples, those relationships may not be generally applicable at the well-log
and larger scales at which other forms of carbonate porosity can predominate [e.g., Ara et al. (2001)].
ru: известняк
lithofacies
noun
Lithofacies may refer to: A mappable subdivision of a designated stratigraphic unit, distinguished from adjacent subdivisions on the basis of lithology; a facies characterized by particular lithologic features.
Example: For clastic rocks, the term lithofacies has been used to describe rock types each of which has a semiquantitative fl ag for texture and mineralogy.
ru: литофации
lithology
noun
The general physical characteristics of a rock or the rocks in a particular area.
Example: The natural radioactive background varies in different regions, it depends on geographical latitude, altitude, tectonic structure, lithology of bedrock and sedimentary strata.
ru: литология
magnetic resonance
noun
The absorption of energy exhibited by particles (as atomic nuclei or electrons) in a static magnetic field when the particles are exposed to electromagnetic radiation of certain frequencies.
Example: The discrimination scheme uses downhole technologies such as high-resolution imaging and magnetic resonance logs, supported by advanced core analysis.
ru: магнитный резонанс
mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP)
noun
Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) is a commonly used technique for measurement of porosity, pore throat size distribution, and injection pressure vs. mercury saturation for many types of rocks.
Example: Direct measurements of pore-body and pore-throat sizes can be made through visual observations of thin-sections, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) curves (Varva et
al. 1992).
ru: капиллярное давление инжекции ртути (MICP)
method
noun
a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one.
Example: Petrophysics primarily contributes to geology-based methods.
ru: метод
mineralogy
noun
The scientific study of minerals.
Example: In addition to testing equipment, our engineers and scientists study marine biology, geology and mineralogy of the seabed and compile a computerized database of the results of their research.
ru: минералогия
oil
noun
A viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant.
Example: It has been shown that the porebody to pore-throat size (PT) ratio is important in controlling oil displacement processes because lower PT ratios allow the solvent to propagate more easily for better miscible displacement (Dehghan et al. 2009). I
ru: масло
optimizing
noun
make the best or most effective use of (a situation or resource).
Example: The benefits of this iterative approach from a key-well standpoint as field development proceeds is that electroporefacies classification may be used to identify core intervals for optimizing data acquisition and thence for gaining the most valuable additional information about reservoir storage and flow properties
ru: оптимизация
permeability
noun
The state or quality of being permeable.
Example: These include Archie’s laws for the evaluation of water saturation, predictive equations for the estimation of interparticle permeability, and fluid saturation-vs.-height functions for application in the construction of a geocellular model.
ru: проницаемость
porosity
noun
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
Example: The graphite was National Carbon NC 60, which has a POROSITY of 50% and an average pore size of 30 This small pore size was required to ensure uniformity of the flow leaving the anode.
ru: пористость
properties
noun
an attribute, quality, or characteristic of something.
Example: . The adoption of the key-well strategy should
result in a much sounder assessment of reservoir properties and
their associated uncertainty and thence provide a more definitive
basis for development decision making. T
ru: характеристики
recognition
noun
Acknowledgement of the existence, validity, or legality of something.
Example: The carbonate petrophysics problem is three-fold: recognition of log-identifiable rock types; establishment of partitioned datasets each of which has an exclusive set of defined interpretive algorithms; and identification of net-pay intervals.
ru: распознавание
sandstones
noun
Sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains cemented together, typically red, yellow, or brown in colour.
Example: Clastic reservoir rocks are predominantly sandstones that comprise quartz and other mineral components.
ru: песчаники
saturation
noun
The degree or extent to which something is dissolved or absorbed compared with the maximum possible, usually expressed as a percentage.
Example: The rf power level was maintained small enough at all times to prevent obvious line shape distortions by SATURATION effects.
ru: насыщенность
scale
noun
A ratio of size in a map, model, drawing, or plan.
Example: The nature and scale of carbonate heterogeneity poses three fundamental questions for core analysis
ru: шкала
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
noun
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample
Example: Direct measurements of pore-body and pore-throat sizes can be made through visual observations of thin-sections, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) curves (Varva et
al. 1992)
ru: сканирующая электронная микроскопия (СЭМ)
scheme
noun
a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining a particular object or putting a particular idea into effect.
ru: схема
solubility
noun
The ability to be dissolved, especially in water.
Example: The relative brittleness and solubility of carbonate rocks give rise to secondary porosity in the form of natural fractures and dissolution fissures, respectively.
ru: растворимость
standard deviation
noun
A quantity expressing by how much the members of a group differ from the mean value for the group.
Example: where s is the standard deviation of a sample population, am is the mean parametric value
ru: стандартное отклонение
visibility
noun
The distance one can see as determined by light and weather conditions.
Example: Third, carbonates often show a dual- or even multiporosity system that has an impact on log responses to reduce the petrophysical visibility of hydrocarbons and thence the identification of net pay.
ru: видимость
X-ray computed tomography (CT)
noun
A computerized X-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of X-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the machine’s computer to generate cross-sectional images—or “slices”—of the body. These slices are called tomographic images and contain more detailed information about the internal organs than conventional X-rays.
Example: Direct measurements of pore-body and pore-throat sizes can be made through visual observations of thin-sections, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) curves (Varva et
al. 1992)
